Get New 2024 Valid Practice To your ISTQB-CTFL Exam (Updated 288 Questions)
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NEW QUESTION # 119
Why it is essential that defects found in a review be reported objectively?
- A. In order to facilitate easy entry of detected defects in a OTS (Defect Tracking System)
- B. In order to allow augmentation of existing checklists used for reviewing the work product (S)
- C. In order to allow the review moderator to easily understand them, and assign them to the right developer for fixing
- D. In order to allow the author of reviewed work product(S) to take the feedback positively as an effort at improving the product (S) and not as a personal assault
Answer: D
Explanation:
The purpose of a review is to find defects and improve the quality of the work product, not to criticize or blame the author. Reporting defects objectively means describing them factually and constructively, without using negative or emotional language that could offend the author or damage their motivation. This way, the author can take the feedback positively as an effort at improving the product and not as a personal assault.
Verified References: A Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, page 138.
NEW QUESTION # 120
You are testing a room upgrade system for a hotel. The system accepts three differed types of room (increasing order of luxury): Platinum. Silver and Gold Luxury. ONLY a Preferred Guest Card holder s eligible for an upgrade.
Below you can find the decision table defining the upgrade eligibility:
What is the expected result for each of the following test cases?
Customer A: Preference Guest Card holder, holding a Silver room
Customer B: Non Preferred Guest Card holder, holding a Platinum room
- A. Customer A; doesn't offer any upgrade; Customer B: offers upgrade to Gold luxury room
- B. Customer A: offers upgrade to Silver room; Customer B: offers upgrade to Silver room.
- C. Customer A: offers upgrade to Gold Luxury room; Customer B: doesn't offer any upgrade
- D. Customer A: doesn't offer any upgrade; Customer B: doesn't offer any upgrade.
Answer: C
Explanation:
According to the decision table in the image, a Preferred Guest Card holder with a Silver room is eligible for an upgrade to Gold Luxury (YES), while a non-Preferred Guest Card holder, regardless of room type, is not eligible for any upgrade (NO). Therefore, Customer A (a Preferred Guest Card holder with a Silver room) would be offered an upgrade to Gold Luxury, and Customer B (a non-Preferred Guest Card holder with a Platinum room) would not be offered any upgrade. References = The answer is derived directly from the decision table provided in the image; specific ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 documents are not referenced.
NEW QUESTION # 121
What type of testing measures its effectiveness by tracking which lines of code were executed by the tests?
- A. Integration testing
- B. Structural testing
- C. Exploratory testing
- D. Acceptance testing
Answer: B
Explanation:
Structural testing is a type of testing that measures its effectiveness by tracking which lines of code were executed by the tests. Structural testing, also known as white-box testing or glass-box testing, is based on the internal structure, design, or implementation of the software. Structural testing aims to verify that the software meets the specified quality attributes, such as performance, security, reliability, or maintainability, by exercising the code paths, branches, statements, conditions, or data flows. Structural testing uses various coverage metrics, such as function coverage, line coverage, branch coverage, or statement coverage, to determine how much of the code has been tested and to identify any untested or unreachable parts of the code. Structural testing can be applied at any level of testing, such as unit testing, integration testing, system testing, or acceptance testing, but it is more commonly used at lower levels, where the testers have access to the source code.
The other options are not correct because they are not types of testing that measure their effectiveness by tracking which lines of code were executed by the tests. Acceptance testing is a type of testing that verifies that the software meets the acceptance criteria and the user requirements. Acceptance testing is usually performed by the end-users or customers, who may not have access to the source code or the technical details of the software. Acceptance testing is more concerned with the functionality, usability, or suitability of the software, rather than its internal structure or implementation. Integration testing is a type of testing that verifies that the software components or subsystems work together as expected. Integration testing is usually performed by the developers or testers, who may use both structural and functional testing techniques to check the interfaces, interactions, or dependencies between the components or subsystems. Integration testing is more concerned with the integration logic, data flow, or communication of the software, rather than its individual lines of code. Exploratory testing is a type of testing that involves simultaneous learning, test design, and test execution. Exploratory testing is usually performed by the testers, who use their creativity, intuition, or experience to explore the software and discover any defects, risks, or opportunities for improvement. Exploratory testing is more concerned with the behavior, quality, or value of the software, rather than its internal structure or implementation. Reference = ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 syllabus, Chapter 4: Test Techniques, Section 4.3: Structural Testing Techniques, Pages 51-54; Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Testing, Section 1.4: Testing Throughout the Software Development Lifecycle, Pages 11-13; Chapter 3: Static Testing, Section 3.4: Exploratory Testing, Pages 40-41.
NEW QUESTION # 122
"Statement Testing" is part of;
- A. Structured based testing
- B. Experience based testing
- C. Decision Testing
- D. Specification Based testing
Answer: A
Explanation:
Statement Testing is a type of white-box testing technique where the test cases are designed based on the implementation of the software, specifically aiming to execute every statement in the code at least once. This falls under the category of structure-based testing (also known as white-box testing), where the internal structure of the system is used to design test cases. Therefore, option D is correct.
NEW QUESTION # 123
You are testing a room upgrade system for a hotel. The system accepts three differed types of room (increasing order of luxury): Platinum. Silver and Gold Luxury. ONLY a Preferred Guest Card holder s eligible for an upgrade.
Below you can find the decision table defining the upgrade eligibility:
What is the expected result for each of the following test cases?
Customer A: Preference Guest Card holder, holding a Silver room
Customer B: Non Preferred Guest Card holder, holding a Platinum room
- A. Customer A; doesn't offer any upgrade; Customer B: offers upgrade to Gold luxury room
- B. Customer A: offers upgrade to Silver room; Customer B: offers upgrade to Silver room.
- C. Customer A: offers upgrade to Gold Luxury room; Customer B: doesn't offer any upgrade
- D. Customer A: doesn't offer any upgrade; Customer B: doesn't offer any upgrade.
Answer: C
Explanation:
According to the decision table in the image, a Preferred Guest Card holder with a Silver room is eligible for an upgrade to Gold Luxury (YES), while a non-Preferred Guest Card holder, regardless of room type, is not eligible for any upgrade (NO). Therefore, Customer A (a Preferred Guest Card holder with a Silver room) would be offered an upgrade to Gold Luxury, and Customer B (a non-Preferred Guest Card holder with a Platinum room) would not be offered any upgrade. References = The answer is derived directly from the decision table provided in the image; specific ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 documents are not referenced.
NEW QUESTION # 124
Which of the following options cover the test types performed during typical system testing phase:
I. Usability
II Requirements based scenarios
III Testing parts of the code in isolation
IV Correct order of parameters in API calls
- A. II. IV
- B. I, Ill
- C. I. II
- D. III. IV
Answer: C
Explanation:
System testing is a level of testing performed to evaluate the behavior and quality of a whole software product or system. System testing can include various types of testing, such as:
* I) Usability testing: A type of testing that evaluates how easy, efficient and satisfying it is to use the software product or system from the user's perspective.
* II) Requirements based scenarios testing: A type of testing that verifies that the software product or system meets its specified requirements or user stories by executing realistic scenarios or workflows.
System testing does not include the following types of testing, as they are more suitable for lower levels of testing, such as unit testing or integration testing:
* III) Testing parts of the code in isolation: A type of testing that verifies the functionality and quality of individual software components or units by isolating them from other components or units.
* IV) Correct order of parameters in API calls: A type of testing that verifies the functionality and quality of software components or units that communicate with each other through application programming interfaces (APIs) by checking the correct order and format of parameters in API calls. Verified
* References: [A Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer], Chapter 2, page 20-21; Chapter 4, page 34-35.
NEW QUESTION # 125
The following part of a business process flow is specified; REPEAT (book a bill) UNTIL (User presses Cancel). How many test cases are necessary in order to achieve 100% branch coverage of the process flow?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. Infinite
Answer: B
Explanation:
To achieve 100% branch coverage of the process flow, we need to test both the true and false outcomes of the condition (User presses Cancel). Branch coverage is a type of structural testing that measures how many decision outcomes in a program have been executed by a test suite. Branch coverage can be used to assess the adequacy or completeness of a test suite.
To test the true outcome of the condition, we need a test case that simulates the user pressing Cancel after booking a bill. This test case will exit the loop and end the process flow.
To test the false outcome of the condition, we need a test case that simulates the user not pressing Cancel after booking a bill. This test case will repeat the loop and book another bill.
Therefore, we need at least two test cases to achieve 100% branch coverage of the process flow. One test case for each possible outcome of the condition.
Verified References: [A Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer], Chapter 4, page 40-41.
NEW QUESTION # 126
During component testing of a program if 100% decision coverage is achieved, which of the following coverage criteria is also guaranteed to be 100%?
- A. 100% Stale transition coverage
- B. 100% Statement coverage
- C. 100% Equivalence class coverage
- D. 100% Boundary value coverage
Answer: B
Explanation:
Statement coverage is a structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of executable statements in the source code that are executed by a test suite1. Decision coverage is another structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of decision outcomes (such as branches or conditions) in the source code that are executed by a test suite1. Decision coverage is a stronger metric than statement coverage, because it requires that every possible outcome of each decision is tested, while statement coverage only requires that every statement is executed at least once2. Therefore, if a test suite achieves 100% decision coverage, it also implies that it achieves 100% statement coverage, because every statement in every branch or condition must have been executed. However, the converse is not true: 100% statement coverage does not guarantee 100% decision coverage, because some branches or conditions may have multiple outcomes that are not tested by the test suite2. For example, consider the following pseudocode:
if (x > 0) then print("Positive") else print("Non-positive") end if
A test suite that executes this code with x = 1 and x = -1 will achieve 100% statement coverage, because both print statements are executed. However, it will not achieve 100% decision coverage, because the condition x >
0 has only been tested with two outcomes: true and false. The third possible outcome, x = 0, has not been tested by the test suite. Therefore, the test suite may miss a potential bug or error in the condition or the branch.
The other options, such as stale transition coverage, equivalence class coverage, and boundary value coverage, are not guaranteed to be 100% by achieving 100% decision coverage. Stale transition coverage is a structural coverage metric that measures thepercentage of transitions between states in a state machine that are executed by a test suite3. Equivalence class coverage is a functional coverage metric that measures the percentage of equivalence classes (or partitions) of input or output values that are tested by a test suite4. Boundary value coverage is another functional coverage metric that measures the percentage of boundary values (or extreme values) of input or output ranges that are tested by a test suite4. These metrics are independent of decision coverage, because they are based on different aspects of the system under test, such as its behavior, functionality, or specification. Therefore, achieving 100% decision coverage does not imply achieving 100% of any of these metrics, and vice versa. References = ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Test Coverage in Software Testing - Guru99, Structural Coverage Metrics - MATLAB & Simulink - MathWorks India, Test Design Coverage in Software Testing - GeeksforGeeks.
NEW QUESTION # 127
Which of the following statements about testing in the context of an agile (iterative-incremental) development model is correct?
- A. Regression testing is necessary whenever a new Increment Is added to the existing system. D. Only certain types of non-functional and explorative testing are performed.
- B. Each iteration of testing has to be completely finished before a new Iteration of development starts.
- C. Unit test and acceptance test ate the most important tests to make sure that the system works as expected.
Answer: A
Explanation:
In the context of agile (iterative-incremental) development models, testing is integrated into the development process and occurs continuously throughout the lifecycle of the project. Agile testing emphasizes adaptability and the need for feedback at various stages of development.
Option C is correct because regression testing is indeed necessary whenever a new increment is added to the existing system. Agile development often involves frequent changes and additions to the codebase, which can potentially introduce new defects into previously tested code. Regression testing ensures that new changes have not adversely affected existing functionality.
Options A, B, and D present misconceptions about agile testing:
A is incorrect because, in agile, all types of testing (unit, integration, system, acceptance) are important and occur throughout the iteration, not just unit and acceptance tests.
B is incorrect because agile methodologies advocate for continuous integration and testing, where development and testing activities overlap and support each other throughout an iteration.
D is incorrect because agile methodologies encourage a wide range of testing types, including both functional and non-functional, as well as exploratory testing, to ensure a comprehensive quality assessment.
NEW QUESTION # 128
As the last stage of a test cycle of an embedded device, you are performing exploratory testing. You observed that some character. (A, X and Z) sent via a serial port to the device do not get registered on the device whereas they should be. You suspect that this could be due to a wrong configuration of the "bit parity" parameter.
Which of the following items of an incident report would you be UNABLE to write down based on this information?
- A. Test setup details
- B. Expected result
- C. Test case identifier
- D. Actual result
Answer: C
Explanation:
An incident report is a document that records the details of an incident. An incident report typically contains the following items:
* Identifier: A unique identifier for the incident report
* Summary: A concise summary of the incident
* Description: A detailed description of the incident, including the steps to reproduce it, the expected and actual results, and any relevant screenshots or logs
* Severity: The degree of impact that the incident has on the system
* Priority: The level of urgency for resolving the incident
* Status: The current state of the incident, such as new, open, resolved, closed, etc.
* Resolution: The action taken to resolve the incident, such as fix, workaround, reject, etc. Based on the information given in the question, the tester would be able to write down all of these items except for the test case identifier. A test case identifier is a unique identifier for a test case that is used to link it to other test artifacts, such as test plans, test scripts, test results or incident reports. However, since the tester is performing exploratory testing, there is no predefined test case that can be associated with the incident. Exploratory testing is an approach to testing that emphasizes learning, test design and test execution at the same time. Exploratory testing relies on the tester's skills, creativity and intuition to explore the software under test and discover defects. Exploratory testing does not use formal test cases
* or scripts, but rather uses test charters or missions that guide the tester's actions and objectives. Verified References: A Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, Chapter 3, page
32-33; Chapter 5, page 47-48.
NEW QUESTION # 129
Which of the following statements about white-box testing is FALSE?
- A. Black-box testing can benefit from using code-related white-box test techniques to increase confidence in the code.
- B. Achieving full code coverage for a component or a system ensures that it has been fully tested
- C. White-box testing allows suggesting test cases for increasing coverage levels which are based on objective measures
- D. Static testing can benefit from using code-related white-box test techniques during code reviews.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Achieving full code coverage does not guarantee that the component or system is fully tested or free of defects. Code coverage metrics indicate the extent to which the source code has been tested, but they do not account for the quality of the tests or whether all possible scenarios have been considered. Other types of testing, including functional, performance, and security testing, are necessary to ensure comprehensive testing.
The ISTQB CTFL Syllabus v4.0 highlights that while high code coverage is beneficial, it does not equate to complete testing.
NEW QUESTION # 130
Which of the following is a possible reason for introducing a defect in software code?
- A. Improper system testing
- B. Improper unit testing
- C. Rushing to meet a tight deadline to turn code over for testing
- D. Focus on static testing over dynamic testing
Answer: C
Explanation:
The ISTQB CTFL syllabus identifies several causes for defects in software. One prominent reason, as highlighted in the curriculum, is the pressure and rush to meet tight deadlines, which can lead to insufficiently reviewed or tested code being moved into further stages of testing or production. This scenario describes rushing to meet a deadline as a potential cause for defects because it may compromise the thoroughness of code development and testing.References:ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section
1.4.1 "Why is Testing Necessary?".
NEW QUESTION # 131
Which of the following types of tools is BEST suited for determining source code compliance with the guidelines provided by a coding standard?
- A. Fault seeding tool.
- B. Static analysis tool.
- C. Test data preparation tool
- D. Containerisation tool
Answer: B
Explanation:
A static analysis tool is best suited for determining source code compliance with coding standards. These tools analyze the code without executing it and can check for adherence to coding standards, syntax errors, and other static properties of the code. The ISTQB CTFL syllabus emphasizes the role of static analysis tools in verifying that code meets predefined standards and guidelines.
References: ISTQB CTFL Syllabus, Section on static testing and tools.
NEW QUESTION # 132
Which or the following is a valid collection of equivalence classes for the following problem: An integer field shall contain values from and including 1 to and including 15.
- A. negative numbers. 1 through 15. above 15
- B. Less than 0.1 through 14. 15 and more
- C. Less than 1.1 through 14. more than 15
- D. Less than 1.1 through 15. more than 15
Answer: D
Explanation:
Equivalence partitioning is a black-box test design technique where inputs to the software or system are divided into groups that are expected to exhibit similar behavior. For an integer field that should accept values from 1 to 15, the valid equivalence class is 1 through 15. The invalid equivalence classes are numbers less than 1 and numbers more than 15. Therefore, option D, "Less than 1, 1 through 15, more than 15," correctly identifies the valid equivalence class along with the two invalid classes, covering all possible input scenarios for the field. Options A, B, and C either do not accurately capture the valid range or incorrectly specify the range boundaries.
NEW QUESTION # 133
The following incident report that was generated during test of a web application.
What would you suggest as the most important report improvement?
Defect detected date: 15 8.2010
Defect detected by: Joe Smith
Test level System test
Test case: Area 5/TC 98
Build version: 2011-16.2
Defect description After having filled out all required fields in screen 1, t click ENTER to continue to screen 2 Nothing happens, no system response at all.
- A. Add the time stamp when the incident happened
- B. Add information about which web browser was used
- C. Add information about which developer should fix the bug
- D. Add an impact analysis
Answer: B
Explanation:
The most important report improvement for the given incident report would be to add information about which web browser was used when the defect was detected. This information is relevant for reproducing and debugging the defect, as different web browsers may have different behaviors or compatibility issues with the web application. The other options are less important or irrelevant for the incident report. The developer who should fix the bug can be assigned by the project manager or the defect tracking system, not by the tester who reports the defect. The time stamp when the incident happened is not very useful, as it does not indicate the cause or the frequency of the defect. The impact analysis is not part of the incident report, but rather of the risk assessment or prioritization process. Verified Reference: A Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, page 140.
NEW QUESTION # 134
Which of the following statements about decision tables are TRUE?
I) Generally, decision tables are generated for low risk test items.
II) Test cases derived from decision tables can be used for component tests.
III) Several test cases can be selected for each column of the decision table.
IV) The conditions in the decision table represent negative tests generally.
- A. I, Ill
- B. II, IV
- C. I, IV
- D. II, Ill
Answer: D
Explanation:
A decision table is a technique that shows combinations of inputs and/or stimuli (causes) with their associated outputs and/or actions (effects). A decision table consists of four quadrants: conditions (inputs), actions (outputs), condition entries (values) and action entries (results). The following statements about decision tables are true:
II, Test cases derived from decision tables can be used for component tests. Decision tables can be used to test components that have multiple inputs and outputs that depend on logical combinations of conditions. Decision tables can help cover all possible combinations or scenarios in a systematic way.
III, Several test cases can be selected for each column of the decision table. A column of a decision table represents a unique combination of condition entries and action entries. Several test cases can be selected for each column by varying other input values or expected results that are not part of the decision table. The following statements about decision tables are false:
I, Generally, decision tables are generated for low risk test items. Decision tables are not related to risk level, but rather to complexity level. Decision tables are generated for test items that have complex logic or multiple conditions and actions that need to be tested.
IV, The conditions in the decision table represent negative tests generally. The conditions in the decision table represent both positive and negative tests, depending on whether they are valid or invalid inputs for the test item. Verified Reference: A Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, Chapter 4, page 42-43.
NEW QUESTION # 135
Which of the following statements about re-testing and regression testing are TRUE?
I Re-testing should be performed after a defect is fixed.
II Regression testing should always be performed after a defect is fixed.
III Re-testing and regression testing may be performed at any test level.
IV Regression testing may include functional, non-functional and structural testing.
V Re-testing should be included in the debugging activity.
- A. II, v
- B. I, Ill
- C. II. IV, V
- D. I, III. Iv
Answer: D
Explanation:
The following statements about re-testing and regression testing are true:
I) Re-testing should be performed after a defect is fixed. Re-testing is a type of testing that verifies that a defect has been successfully resolved by executing a test case that previously failed due to that defect. Re-testing should be performed after a defect is fixed and delivered to ensure that it does not cause any new failures or side effects.
III) Re-testing and regression testing may be performed at any test level. Re-testing and regression testing are not limited to a specific test level, but can be applied at any level depending on the context and objectives. For example, re-testing and regression testing can be performed at unit level, integration level, system level or acceptance level.
IV) Regression testing may include functional, non-functional and structural testing. Regression testing is a type of testing that verifies that previously tested software still performs correctly after changes. Regression testing may include various types of testing depending on the scope and purpose of the changes. For example, regression testing may include functional testing to check if the software meets its requirements, non-functional testing to check if the software meets its quality attributes, or structural testing to check if the software meets its design or code standards. The following statement about re-testing and regression testing is false:
II) Regression testing should always be performed after a defect is fixed. Regression testing is not always necessary after a defect is fixed, as some defects may have a low impact or low likelihood of affecting other parts of the software. Regression testing should be performed after a defect is fixed only if there is a risk of introducing new defects or causing existing defects due to the changes made to fix the defect. Verified Reference: A Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, Chapter 2, page 19; Chapter 4, page 45.
NEW QUESTION # 136
Given the following review types and review characteristics:
a.Pair review
b.Walkthrough
c.Technical review
d.Inspection
1.Formal
2.Informal
3.Purposes include evaluating the quality of the work product under review and generating new ideas (e.g., brainstorming solutions)
4.Purposes include Improving the software product and training the review participants Which of the following BEST matches the review type with the review characteristic?
- A. a-1. b-4, c-3. d-2
- B. a-2, b-3, c-4, d-1
- C. a-4, b-3. c-2. d-1
- D. a-2, b-4, c-3. d-1
Answer: B
Explanation:
Pair reviews are informal and typically involve two people reviewing the work product together, often in an informal setting. Walkthroughs are more formal and aim to educate stakeholders and evaluate the product, serving the dual purpose of improving the product and training participants. Technical reviews have a strong focus on improving the product's quality, often involving technical stakeholders. Inspections are the most formal review type and are aimed primarily at detecting defects.References:ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section 3.2.3 "Review Types".
NEW QUESTION # 137
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